diff --git a/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.cpp b/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.cpp
index 92d310badc860..8078225053818 100644
--- a/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.cpp
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ to be specified in the compile command line.
 Excludes files with the given prefix from dumps.
 )""",
       },
-      [&](auto& arg_b) { arg_b.Set(&exclude_dump_file_prefix); });
+      [&](auto& arg_b) { arg_b.Append(&exclude_dump_file_prefixes); });
   b.AddFlag(
       {
           .name = "debug-info",
@@ -508,12 +508,13 @@ class MultiUnitCache {
  private:
   auto BuildIncludeInDumps() -> void {
     CARBON_CHECK(include_in_dumps_.empty());
-    llvm::append_range(include_in_dumps_,
-                       llvm::map_range(units_, [&](const auto& unit) {
-                         return options_->exclude_dump_file_prefix.empty() ||
-                                !unit->input_filename().starts_with(
-                                    options_->exclude_dump_file_prefix);
-                       }));
+    llvm::append_range(
+        include_in_dumps_, llvm::map_range(units_, [&](const auto& unit) {
+          return llvm::none_of(
+              options_->exclude_dump_file_prefixes, [&](auto prefix) {
+                return unit->input_filename().starts_with(prefix);
+              });
+        }));
   }
 
   auto BuildTreeAndSubtreesGetters() -> void {
diff --git a/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.h b/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.h
index 2c5e993542fab..bf0e61502b5c9 100644
--- a/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.h
+++ b/toolchain/driver/compile_subcommand.h
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ struct CompileOptions {
   bool prelude_import = false;
   bool include_debug_info = true;
 
-  llvm::StringRef exclude_dump_file_prefix;
+  llvm::SmallVector<llvm::StringRef> exclude_dump_file_prefixes;
 };
 
 // Implements the compile subcommand of the driver.
diff --git a/toolchain/lower/testdata/operators/arithmetic.carbon b/toolchain/lower/testdata/operators/arithmetic.carbon
index 709107c3094e1..67d943f66f074 100644
--- a/toolchain/lower/testdata/operators/arithmetic.carbon
+++ b/toolchain/lower/testdata/operators/arithmetic.carbon
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 //
+// INCLUDE-FILE: toolchain/testing/testdata/min_prelude/full.carbon
+//
 // AUTOUPDATE
 // TIP: To test this file alone, run:
 // TIP:   bazel test //toolchain/testing:file_test --test_arg=--file_tests=toolchain/lower/testdata/operators/arithmetic.carbon
@@ -128,47 +130,47 @@ fn div_u16(a: u16, b: u16) -> u16 { return a / b; }
 // CHECK:STDOUT: !1 = !{i32 2, !"Debug Info Version", i32 3}
 // CHECK:STDOUT: !2 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_C, file: !3, producer: "carbon", isOptimized: false, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
 // CHECK:STDOUT: !3 = !DIFile(filename: "arithmetic.carbon", directory: "")
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !4 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "add_i32", linkageName: "_Cadd_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 14, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !4 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "add_i32", linkageName: "_Cadd_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 16, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
 // CHECK:STDOUT: !5 = !DISubroutineType(types: !6)
 // CHECK:STDOUT: !6 = !{}
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !7 = !DILocation(line: 14, column: 44, scope: !4)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !8 = !DILocation(line: 14, column: 37, scope: !4)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !9 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "add_u32", linkageName: "_Cadd_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 15, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !10 = !DILocation(line: 15, column: 44, scope: !9)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !11 = !DILocation(line: 15, column: 37, scope: !9)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !12 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_i32", linkageName: "_Cdiv_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 17, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !13 = !DILocation(line: 17, column: 44, scope: !12)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !14 = !DILocation(line: 17, column: 37, scope: !12)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !15 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_u32", linkageName: "_Cdiv_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 18, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !16 = !DILocation(line: 18, column: 44, scope: !15)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !17 = !DILocation(line: 18, column: 37, scope: !15)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !18 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mod_i32", linkageName: "_Cmod_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 20, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !19 = !DILocation(line: 20, column: 44, scope: !18)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !20 = !DILocation(line: 20, column: 37, scope: !18)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !21 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mod_u32", linkageName: "_Cmod_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 21, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !22 = !DILocation(line: 21, column: 44, scope: !21)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !23 = !DILocation(line: 21, column: 37, scope: !21)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !24 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mul_i32", linkageName: "_Cmul_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 23, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !25 = !DILocation(line: 23, column: 44, scope: !24)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !26 = !DILocation(line: 23, column: 37, scope: !24)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !27 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mul_u32", linkageName: "_Cmul_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 24, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !28 = !DILocation(line: 24, column: 44, scope: !27)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !29 = !DILocation(line: 24, column: 37, scope: !27)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !30 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "neg_i32", linkageName: "_Cneg_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 26, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !31 = !DILocation(line: 26, column: 36, scope: !30)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !32 = !DILocation(line: 26, column: 29, scope: !30)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !33 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "neg_u32", linkageName: "_Cneg_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 27, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !34 = !DILocation(line: 27, column: 36, scope: !33)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !35 = !DILocation(line: 27, column: 29, scope: !33)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !36 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "sub_i32", linkageName: "_Csub_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 29, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !37 = !DILocation(line: 29, column: 44, scope: !36)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !38 = !DILocation(line: 29, column: 37, scope: !36)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !39 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "sub_u32", linkageName: "_Csub_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 30, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !40 = !DILocation(line: 30, column: 44, scope: !39)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !41 = !DILocation(line: 30, column: 37, scope: !39)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !42 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_i16", linkageName: "_Cdiv_i16.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 34, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !43 = !DILocation(line: 34, column: 44, scope: !42)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !44 = !DILocation(line: 34, column: 37, scope: !42)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !45 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_u16", linkageName: "_Cdiv_u16.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 35, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !46 = !DILocation(line: 35, column: 44, scope: !45)
-// CHECK:STDOUT: !47 = !DILocation(line: 35, column: 37, scope: !45)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !7 = !DILocation(line: 16, column: 44, scope: !4)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !8 = !DILocation(line: 16, column: 37, scope: !4)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !9 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "add_u32", linkageName: "_Cadd_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 17, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !10 = !DILocation(line: 17, column: 44, scope: !9)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !11 = !DILocation(line: 17, column: 37, scope: !9)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !12 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_i32", linkageName: "_Cdiv_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 19, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !13 = !DILocation(line: 19, column: 44, scope: !12)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !14 = !DILocation(line: 19, column: 37, scope: !12)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !15 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_u32", linkageName: "_Cdiv_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 20, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !16 = !DILocation(line: 20, column: 44, scope: !15)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !17 = !DILocation(line: 20, column: 37, scope: !15)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !18 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mod_i32", linkageName: "_Cmod_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 22, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !19 = !DILocation(line: 22, column: 44, scope: !18)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !20 = !DILocation(line: 22, column: 37, scope: !18)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !21 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mod_u32", linkageName: "_Cmod_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 23, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !22 = !DILocation(line: 23, column: 44, scope: !21)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !23 = !DILocation(line: 23, column: 37, scope: !21)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !24 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mul_i32", linkageName: "_Cmul_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 25, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !25 = !DILocation(line: 25, column: 44, scope: !24)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !26 = !DILocation(line: 25, column: 37, scope: !24)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !27 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "mul_u32", linkageName: "_Cmul_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 26, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !28 = !DILocation(line: 26, column: 44, scope: !27)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !29 = !DILocation(line: 26, column: 37, scope: !27)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !30 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "neg_i32", linkageName: "_Cneg_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 28, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !31 = !DILocation(line: 28, column: 36, scope: !30)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !32 = !DILocation(line: 28, column: 29, scope: !30)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !33 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "neg_u32", linkageName: "_Cneg_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 29, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !34 = !DILocation(line: 29, column: 36, scope: !33)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !35 = !DILocation(line: 29, column: 29, scope: !33)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !36 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "sub_i32", linkageName: "_Csub_i32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 31, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !37 = !DILocation(line: 31, column: 44, scope: !36)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !38 = !DILocation(line: 31, column: 37, scope: !36)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !39 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "sub_u32", linkageName: "_Csub_u32.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 32, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !40 = !DILocation(line: 32, column: 44, scope: !39)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !41 = !DILocation(line: 32, column: 37, scope: !39)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !42 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_i16", linkageName: "_Cdiv_i16.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 36, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !43 = !DILocation(line: 36, column: 44, scope: !42)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !44 = !DILocation(line: 36, column: 37, scope: !42)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !45 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "div_u16", linkageName: "_Cdiv_u16.Main", scope: null, file: !3, line: 37, type: !5, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition, unit: !2)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !46 = !DILocation(line: 37, column: 44, scope: !45)
+// CHECK:STDOUT: !47 = !DILocation(line: 37, column: 37, scope: !45)
diff --git a/toolchain/testing/file_test.cpp b/toolchain/testing/file_test.cpp
index 5d58084cadf1c..5ec3b9579ea44 100644
--- a/toolchain/testing/file_test.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/testing/file_test.cpp
@@ -117,9 +117,36 @@ auto ToolchainFileTest::Run(
     }
   }
 
+  llvm::SmallVector<llvm::StringRef> filtered_test_args;
+  if (component_ == "check" || component_ == "lower") {
+    filtered_test_args.reserve(test_args.size());
+    bool found_prelude_flag = false;
+    for (auto arg : test_args) {
+      bool driver_flag = arg == "--custom-core" || arg == "--no-prelude-import";
+      // A flag specified by a test prelude to indicate the intention to include
+      // the full production prelude.
+      bool full_prelude = arg == "--expect-full-prelude";
+      if (driver_flag || full_prelude) {
+        found_prelude_flag = true;
+      }
+      if (!full_prelude) {
+        filtered_test_args.push_back(arg);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!found_prelude_flag) {
+      // TODO: Enable this error when all check/ and lower/ tests include a
+      // prelude choice explicitly.
+      // return Error(
+      //     "Include a prelude from //toolchain/testing/testdata/min_prelude "
+      //     "to specify what should be imported into the test.");
+    }
+  } else {
+    filtered_test_args = test_args;
+  }
+
   Driver driver(fs, &installation_, input_stream, &output_stream,
                 &error_stream);
-  auto driver_result = driver.RunCommand(test_args);
+  auto driver_result = driver.RunCommand(filtered_test_args);
   // If any diagnostics have been produced, add a trailing newline to make the
   // last diagnostic match intermediate diagnostics (that have a newline
   // separator between them). This reduces churn when adding new diagnostics
diff --git a/toolchain/testing/testdata/min_prelude/full.carbon b/toolchain/testing/testdata/min_prelude/full.carbon
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..bea3c44fafec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/testing/testdata/min_prelude/full.carbon
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+// EXTRA-ARGS: --expect-full-prelude --exclude-dump-file-prefix=min_prelude/
+
+// Including this file indicates explicitly to file_test that the test wants to
+// include the full production prelude. Note that this is quite slow relative to
+// a more minimal prelude (e.g. ~1s vs 10ms), and makes debugging tests quite
+// noisy as the prelude compiles many things.
+
+// --- min_prelude/full.carbon
+
+// A no-op package.
+package MinPreludeFull;